Air
Daily flights to Moscow and St Petersburg can be found from all major European capitals, London (UK), New York, Los Angeles (USA), Sydney (Australia), as well as Hong Kong, Bejing, Tokyo and other Asian cities. 

Among the airlines with regular flights are Aeroflot, Air China, Air France, Air India, Alaska Airlines, Alitalia, ANA, Balkan, British Airways, CSA, Delta, Finnair, JAL, KLM, Korean Air, Lufthansa, LOT Polish, Malev, PIA, Sabena, SAS, Swissair, THY and Transaero. There are is charter service available from most major cities in Europe and North America. 

Siberian cities can be reached by air from Moscow or by less frequent flights from Frankfurt, (Germany) Niigata, or Osaka (Japan), Shenyang and Shanghai (China), Pyongyang (North Korea), and Manila, Seoul, or Singapore. 

Moscow's Domodedovo Airport (DME) is currently the only airport in Russia with a direct rail link from the terminal into the city. Transport from all other airports into the city centre is done by taxi or mini-van. Fares from Moscow airport into the city start from US$45; fares from St Petersburg into the city are from US$35, depending on the kind of vehicle you choose.

Bus
The best way to get to and from Russia by bus is by avoiding Belorussia (Belarus), because everyone needs a transit visa through Belarus, which costs US$30 and takes time to make. To avoid Belarus, you can take a bus to one of the Baltic countries (e.g. Riga in Latvia, or Tallinn in Estonia), and then change to a bus to Russia. Eurolines serves many bus routes to/from Russia.

Car
Foreigners can legally drive on almost all of Russia's roads and highways. If you happen to be travelling from one of the Baltic States, Finland or Sweden, then driving your own car to Russia may be a good option. There are many tourists travelling by car from these countries. Therefore, customs regulations are quite straightforward and the infrastructure on the road is good. However, this also means longer queues at some border crossing points.

You will need the obvious documents (passport, driver’s license, vehicle registration, insurance) as well as a fire extinguisher and first-aid kit which are mandatory in Russia.

Traffic drives on the right. Speeds are limited to 60kph (37mph) in built-up areas and 90kph (55mph) elsewhere. Motorists should avoid driving at night if possible. Driving alone is not recommended. There are no facilities at all for camping cars.

Petrol and diesel are easily available in Russia and there are generally four types on sale.

Ferry
There is no permanent ferry transport connecting Russia and other countries. If you need to get from/to Scandinavian countries to/from Russia, you should use the ferries that depart from the Baltic States. For example, if you want to get from Sweden to Russia, you can take a daily ferry to Tallinn, Estonia, and then a Eurolines bus (that departs 4 times a day) to St. Petersburg.

Estonia – Russia: EstLine ferry company has daily routes from Tallinn (Estonia) to Stockholm (Sweden).

Finland/Sweden – Russia: Viking Lines has ferry service from Helsinki and Stockholm to St Petersburg.

Some European rail passes give 50% discounts for Scandinavian ferries.

Turkey - Russia: (Trabzon, Turkey to Sochi, Russia) There is a ferry service between Trabzon and Sochi twice a day.

Train
Major gateways to European Russia are Helsinki, Warsaw, Prague and Budapest. Other trains run from Amsterdam, Athens, Berlin, Brussels, Bucharest, Frankfort, London, Paris, Riga, Talinn, Helsinki, Venice, Vilnius, and Warsaw to Moscow or from Berlin and Brussels to St. Petersburg. 

Usually it takes around 35 hours of travel time to get from Western Europe to Moscow or St Petersburg by train. The sleeper coach from London to Moscow takes about 53 hours. If you take a train from Eastern Europe (Poland, for example) it will take you around 24 hours, if you take a train from Baltic states, expect around 15 hours travel time. Additional time is added for changing trains. 

The adventuresome Trans-Siberian Railway which runs from Moscow to the Pacific coast of Siberia is the longest continuous railway in the world with nearly 10,000 km of track. The most scenic part of the journey is between Irkutsk and Khabarovsk. 

The Trans-Manchurian Express and the Trans-Mongolian Railway connects Moscow with Bejing. The journey to the Mongolian capital, Ulaan Baatar, is outstanding for its dramatic scenery. 

Keep in mind that you may need a transit visa for going through some Eastern European countries and former USSR (now CIS and Baltic) countries.

Air
The internal network radiates from Moscow’s four airports. Aeroflot runs services from Moscow to most major cities. All-inclusive tours are available from specialist tour operators.

The national airline is Aeroflot (website: www.aeroflot.com).

Other airlines serving the Russian Federation include Air France, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, Czech Airlines, El Al, Finnair, Lufthansa and SAS Scandinavian Airlines.

Bus
There are bus stations in every city and every little town in Russia. The bus routes go all over Russia and you can get anywhere taking a local or an intercity bus. The prices are very cheap. However, the chaos, long queues, and lack of English spoken in the bus stations make it very difficult for foreigners to use the buses in Russia.

Car
Driving is quite safe, but you should be careful not to stop in remote areas. Of course, if you drive on the main routes, such as Moscow - St. Petersburg or international motorways, there's no problem.

If you rent a car in Russia, it's better to find an agency that has offices both in the city you're in now, and in the city where you want to go. If that's the case, you can take a car in Moscow, for example, and give it back in St. Petersburg. Otherwise the distances are too long especially if you have to drive back just to return the car.

A rental for one day usually costs around US$20 for a Russian car, and from US$40 for a foreign car. The requirements are basically the same: a credit card, driver's experience not less than 3 years, minimum age: 21. Some local companies may be more flexible.
There are plenty of gas stations and many auto services in the European part of Russia.

The weather in Russia can get quite harsh during winter (November to April), so make sure your car will be able to ride in the snow and well below freezing. During the winter months the traffic gets very congested and sometimes there are huge traffic jams on motorways, so take this into account.

Traffic drives on the right. Maximum speed limit: 60 kph in cities / 90kph outside cities. Your car should have a first-aid kit and a fire extinguisher as this is required by the traffic police.

Ferry
Transport by ferry is not an efficient way to get around, but it certainly is scenic.
European Russia has a network of interconnected rivers and canals that have been well travelled for centuries. Siberia's rivers travel thousands of kilometres through the wilderness on their way from the steppe to the Arctic Circle. In the summer it’s easy to find cruises along Russian rivers. Passenger boats run up and down the Volga, between St. Petersburg and Moscow, and along many of the Siberian rivers.

Metro 
Public transport in the cities is comprehensive and cheap. Many services are electric traction (metro, tramway, trolleybus). Stations on the Moscow and St Petersburg metros are always elegant and often palatial. Entry to the underground is by tokens, which are inserted into the ticket barrier. Fares are standard for the various forms of transport.

Taxi
Taxis can be hailed in the street, hired at a rank or booked by telephone. Fares are usually negotiated with the driver before departure. It is safer to use officially marked taxis, which should not be shared with strangers.

Train
The Russian Railways (RZhD) is the company that owns the railway network throughout Russia, serves Moscow - St. Petersburg route, and the area around Baikal Lake in Siberia. 

You can buy your train tickets either at any train station or from an agent. The agents always charge a fee (usually from US$5 to 25%) on top of the Russian Railways price.

The tickets for all destinations are usually readily available; however, if you want a train for a specific date or a train that departs only a few times a week, it is better to try to buy your ticket at least 3-7 days before.

You cannot book a train ticket in Russia - only purchase it. There are no such things as "open tickets" in Russia and the only way to do stopovers is to buy a separate ticket for each part of the journey.

There are 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th class carriages. On every stop the train gets thoroughly checked to make sure there are no minor damages. Every carriage has one or two conductors, who look after it 24 hours a day. Every passenger gets his ticket checked upon entry and must present a passport to get on the train. Every train has a police team on board. However, you still need to look out for your wallet and valuables, especially on the Trans-Siberian railway.
The train compartments are quite comfortable and the atmosphere on the train is usually quite friendly.